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- NNAAMMEE
- ls - list contents of directory
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- SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
- llss [ --aaccddffggiillqqrrssttuu11AACCLLFFRR ] name ...
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- DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
- For each directory argument, _l_s lists the contents of the
- directory; for each file argument, _l_s repeats its name and
- any other information requested. By default, the output is
- sorted alphabetically. When no argument is given, the
- current directory is listed. When several arguments are
- given, the arguments are first sorted appropriately, but
- file arguments are processed before directories and their
- contents.
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- There are a large number of options:
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- --ll List in long format, giving mode, number of links,
- owner, size in bytes, and time of last modification for
- each file. (See below.) If the file is a special file
- the size field will instead contain the major and minor
- device numbers. If the file is a symbolic link the
- pathname of the linked-to file is printed preceded by
- ``->''.
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- --gg Include the group ownership of the file in a long out-
- put.
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- --tt Sort by time modified (latest first) instead of by
- name.
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- --aa List all entries; in the absence of this option,
- entries whose names begin with a period (..) are _n_o_t
- listed.
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- --ss Give size in kilobytes of each file.
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- --dd If argument is a directory, list only its name; often
- used with --ll to get the status of a directory.
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- --LL If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or direc-
- tory the link references rather than the link itself.
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- --rr Reverse the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic or
- oldest first as appropriate.
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- --uu Use time of last access instead of last modification
- for sorting (with the --tt option) and/or printing (with
- the --ll option).
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- --cc Use time when file status was last changed for sorting
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- or printing.
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- --ii For each file, print the i-number in the first column
- of the report.
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- --ff Force each argument to be interpreted as a directory
- and list the name found in each slot. This option
- turns off --ll,, --tt,, --ss,, and --rr,, and turns on --aa;; the
- order is the order in which entries appear in the
- directory.
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- --FF cause directories to be marked with a trailing `/',
- sockets with a trailing `=', symbolic links with a
- trailing `@', and executable files with a trailing `*'.
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- --RR recursively list subdirectories encountered.
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- --11 force one entry per line output format; this is the
- default when output is not to a terminal.
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- --CC force multi-column output; this is the default when
- output is to a terminal.
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- --qq force printing of non-graphic characters in file names
- as the character `?'; this is the default when output
- is to a terminal.
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- The mode printed under the --ll option contains 11 characters
- which are interpreted as follows: the first character is
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- dd if the entry is a directory;
- bb if the entry is a block-type special file;
- cc if the entry is a character-type special file;
- ll if the entry is a symbolic link;
- rr if the entry is a remote link;
- ss if the entry is a socket, or
- -- if the entry is a plain file.
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- The next 9 characters are interpreted as three sets of three
- bits each. The first set refers to owner permissions; the
- next refers to permissions to others in the same user-group;
- and the last to all others. Within each set the three char-
- acters indicate permission respectively to read, to write,
- or to execute the file as a program. For a directory, `exe-
- cute' permission is interpreted to mean permission to search
- the directory. The permissions are indicated as follows:
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- rr if the file is readable;
- ww if the file is writable;
- xx if the file is executable;
- -- if the indicated permission is not granted.
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- The group-execute permission character is given as ss if the
- file has the set-group-id bit set; likewise the user-execute
- permission character is given as ss if the file has the set-
- user-id bit set. These are given as SS (capitalized) if the
- corresponding execute permission is NOT set.
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- The last character of the mode (normally `x' or `-') is tt if
- the 1000 bit of the mode is on. See _c_h_m_o_d(1) for the mean-
- ing of this mode. This is given as TT (capitalized) if the
- corresponding execute permission is NOT set.
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- When the sizes of the files in a directory are listed, a
- total count of blocks, including indirect blocks is printed.
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- FFIILLEESS
- /etc/passwd to get user id's for `ls -l'.
- /etc/group to get group id's for `ls -g'.
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- BBUUGGSS
- Newline and tab are considered printing characters in file
- names.
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- The output device is assumed to be 80 columns wide.
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- The option setting based on whether the output is a teletype
- is undesirable as ``ls -s'' is much different than
- ``ls -s | lpr''. On the other hand, not doing this setting
- would make old shell scripts which used _l_s almost certain
- losers.
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